The Meme Machine (48 page)

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Adaptation and Natural Selection.
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The Runaway Brain: The Evolution of Human Uniqueness.
New York, Basic Books.

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Behavioral and Brain Sciences,
17, 585–654 (with commentaries by others).

Wilson, E. O. (1978).
On Human Nature.
Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.

Wilson, I. (1987).
The After Death Experience.
London, Sidgwick & Jackson.

Wispé, L. G. and Thompson, J. N. (1976). The war between the words: biological versus social evolution and some related issues.
American Psychologist,
31, 341–84.

Wright, D. (1998).
Translated terms as meme–products: The struggle for existence in Late Qing chemical terminologies.
Paper presented at the conference ‘China and the West’, Technical University of Berlin, August.

Wright, R. (1994).
The Moral Animal.
New York, Pantheon.

Yando, R., Seitz, V., and Zigler, E. (1978).
Imitation: A Developmental Perspective.
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Index

acupuncture 185, 186

adoption 121, 142–3

adultery 135

advertising 141, 173

afterlife 6, 18, 179–82, 195, 200–1, 219

AIDS 140, 146

alarm calls 47

alien abductions 175, 180, 182, 183, 188

alien implants 175, 178

Allison, Paul 160, 170, 190–1, 155, 157–8

alternative medicine 184–6, 194

alternative therapy 227

altruism 21, 147–74

definition 147

meme–driven 164–5, 168, 169, 172–4

reciprocal 76, 104, 149–56, 159, 167, 172–4, 229, 246

trick 165, 170, 181, 184, 186, 189, 193, 195, 201

American, native 113

analogue 58, 102, 213

anatta
230

apes 68, 69, 71, 97, 90

arms race 74, 109

assortative mating 124

astrology 41, 184, 231

Australopithecines 69–70, 71, 89–90

Axelrod, Robert 151

Ayatollah Khomeini 191

Baars 224

babies 112, 125, 135, 141;
see also
infants

bacteria 21, 109

Baker, Robin 129

Baldwin Effect 116–19

Baldwin, James 24, 116–17

Balzac, Honore de 131

Barnum Effect 183

Bartlett, Sir Frederic 14

Basalla, George 27–8

beauty trick 189, 192, 193, 195, 201

bees 161

Beethoven, Ludwig von 53

behaviourism 112

Bellis, Mark 129

beneficent norms 160, 170, 172, 190–1

beneficent rules 157–8

benign user illusion 225, 229, 230, 237, 238

Benzon, William 64

Berlin, Brent 113

Bible 25, 26, 192, 232

bipedalism 69, 71

birds 48,79, 118, 123, 128,

birdsong 49, 72, 78 161

birth control 135, 139–42, 143, 145, 190

birth rate 121, 144–5

Blake, William 56

blind 222

‘blind watchmaker’ 240

blood donation 152

Bloom, Paul 94–5

Boas, Franz 114

bots 217

Boyd, Robert 35, 75, 108, 120, 198

brain damage 46, 71–2

Broca’s area 72, 89

Brodie, Richard ix, 22, 45, 53, 65, 121, 135, 163, 241

Bronowski, Jacob 53

Bucke, Richard 211

Buddhism 189, 195, 199, 230–1

burial 89, 195, 200

Buss, David 126–7, 128

bystander apathy 152

Campbell, Donald 17, 29

Campbell’s Rule 17,18, 35, 62

cannibalism 34

capacity for culture 32

Cartesian Theatre 225, 226, 239

Catholicism xiv, 135, 139, 187–8, 191–2

cats 40, 43–5, 109, 139, 182–3, 237

Cavalli–Sforza, Luigi 34, 132

celibacy 134, 138–9, 143, 197

Chagnon, Napoleon 199

chain letters 7, 19, 21

Chalmers, David 237

chaos 12

Chaplin, Charlie 131

charity 164, 165–6, 169

chastity 128

cheats 42, 96, 97, 156

Cherokee 206

Chihuahua Fallacy 68

child care 123

childbirth 71, 119, 127

chimpanzees 49, 50, 69, 88, 97

Chomsky, Noam 93–4

Christianity 179–80, 181, 191, 192, 194

Churchland, Patricia 220

Cialdini, Robert 171

circumcision xiii, 135, 191

Claxton, Guy 227, 245

Cloak, F.T. 31–3, 35, 63, 64, 110

cloning 145–6

co–adapted meme–complex xiv, 19

coevolution 98, 118

gene–culture 33, 35

gene–meme 93–108, 118–19, 129, 133, 159, 162,

religion and genes 195–7

cognitive dissonance 165–6, 185

colours, naming 112–14

co–memes 168

complexity 12, 13, 28, 122

computer games 217

computers 204–18

conditioning 4, 34, 44, 45, 117

consciousness 1–3, 22, 73, 204, 206, 219–46

artificial 218, 238

consistency principle 165, 186

conspiracy theories 178, 180

contagion 46, 47

contraception 123, 129, 190

Copernicus, Nicholas 8, 32

copybots 106

copy–the-instruction xi, 61–2, 64, 213–15

copy–the-product xi, 61–2, 64, 213–15

Cosmides, Leda 111, 115

creativity 15, 131, 206, 239–40, 242

Crick, Francis xii, 221, 235

Cronin, Helena 148

Crook, John 134, 229

Csikszentmihalyi, Mihalyi 230, 241

cults 170, 187, 231

cultural fitness 34, 158

cultural instructions 31–2

cultural relativism 112–14

cultural trait 33, 34, 83

culturgen xiv, 33

Da Vinci, Leonardo 131

Daly, Martin 128

Damasio, Antonio 46

Darwin machine 15, 16, 40

Darwin, Charles 11, 56, 79, 148, 149

and language 24–5

Origin of Species
10, 56

theory of evolution by natural selection 1, 8, 10, 235

Darwin, Erasmus 10

Dawkins, Richard 4–6, 21, 28, 32–6, 53, 205, 241

altruism 152

biological advantage 30–1, 33, 108

Blind Watchmaker
240

Climbing Mount Improbable
13,28

co–adapted meme–complexes 19

definition of meme 4–6, 63–4,

extended phenotype 109–10

fidelity, fecundity, longevity 58, 100

religion 110, 138–9, 187–8, 191–2, 232

replicators and vehicles 5, 65–6, 198

The Selfish Gene
4–6, 219

virus of the mind 22, 110

Deacon, Terrence 67, 68, 97–8, 104, 108,

deaf 87, 88

death 179–82, 185, 199

deception 76

Delius, Juan xii, 64, 110

Dennett, Daniel 11, 14, 35, 53–4, 64–5, 118

and consciousness 22, 223, 225, 238

benign user illusion 225, 229, 230–1, 237–8

Cartesian Theatre 225, 226

cui bono?
30, 34,

Design Space 13, 28

evolutionary algorithm 11,63

free will 237

good tricks 101

human mind 207

intentional stance 229

Tower of Generate and Test 116–19

Descartes, Rene 219–20

Diamond, Jared 25, 26

Diana, Princess of Wales 84–5, 169, 170

dictionary viii, 8

digital x–xii, 57–8, 59, 100, 102–3, 213, 216

divination 182–4

dogs 44, 68, 148

dolphins 3–4, 50, 150, 161

Donald, Merlin 90, 98, 108

Du Preez, Peter 155

Dual Inheritance Model 35

dualism 206, 220, 225, 229

Dunbar, Robin 96–7

Durham, William 17, 35, 64, 108

Eccles, Sir John 220

Egyptians 26, 206

e–mail 140–1,212

encephalisation quotient 68

endorphins 179, 185

epidemiology ix

Eskimos 113–14

evolutionarily stable strategy 151

evolutionary algorithm 11–14, 22, 63, 94, 106, 204

evolutionary epistemology 29

evolutionary psychology 36, 41, 58, 111, 115, 121

altruism and 147–54, 166

language and 83

religion and 196

sex and 122–9

family planning 121

farming 26–7, 133

fax machine 140, 204, 212

Fayu 199

fecundity 100–7, 119, 204, 205, 208–9, 212

definition 58

Feldman, Marcus 34, 132

fidelity x, xiv, 57–8, 100–7, 119, 204–5, 208–9, 212–13

definition 58

fire 69, 78, 89, 95

Fisher, R.A. 125

foraging 73, 95, 97, 105

Fore 34

foresight 240–1

conscious 103, 142, 241

genes have no 110, 119, 122

replicators have no 13, 42, 145

fortune telling 182–4

free will 32, 33, 221, 225, 236–7, 244

Freeman, Derek 114–15

frogs 117, 123

frontal cortex 71

lobe 46

Gabora, Liane 45, 64

Gage, Phineas 71–2

Galileo 8

game theory 150

Gatherer, Derek 55

Gav 157

Gavin 154–5, 165–6

Geldof, Bob 169, 170

gene, definition 53–4

gene pool xv, 144

genetic engineering 145–6

genotype xi, 32, 59–62, 64

germ line 60, 66, 101

gorillas 50, 73, 88

gossip 96, 212

Gould, Stephen Jay 13, 17, 28, 93–4

Graham, Billy 193

grammar 87, 93–107

module 112

Universal 93–5

Grant, G. 64

greater–goodism 148, 151

green movement 168

Gregory, Richard 118

grooming 96–7, 147

group selection 148, 197–200

Haldane, J.B.S. 148

Hameroff, Stuart 220

Hamilton, William 148

handedness 72, 90

‘hard problem’ 2, 237

Hartung, J. 191

healing 30, 182, 186, 187–8, 193

heaven 179, 181, 182, 196, 200

hell 188, 196

Hendrix, Jimi 130

Hinduism 179–80, 189, 191, 199

Hofstadter, Douglas R. 18

homeopathy 182, 185

Homo erectus
69, 71, 73, 78, 89–91

Homo habilis
69, 76, 89, 123

Homo psychologicus
73, 229

Homo sapiens
69, 89–91, 123

homosexuality 123, 135, 137, 201

Hull, David 5, 29

Hume, David 226

Humphrey, Nicholas 73, 229

hunter–gatherers 27, 36, 87, 121–46, 166, 195

hunting 95, 97, 105, 109, 127, 130, 199.

hypnosis 177, 185

i–culture 31–2, 63,64

illusion of control 183–4, 185

imitation, definition 6, 47

immune system 16, 74

imprinting 34

inclusive fitness 149

incubus 177

Indians, American 113

Mexican 206

infanticide 125

infants 50, 51, 160;
see also
babies

infidelity 128

insight 75

intelligence, artificial 1, 112, 217, 218

intentional stance 229–30

intentionality 98, 162, 229

interactor 5

Internet viii–ix, xiii–xiv, 142, 216–18

inventions 26, 215

investment, parental 79

Islam 25, 190, 191, 194,201,

Jacobs, David 176

Japan 208

Japanese 207

jealousy 36, 128, 134

Johansen, Donald 69

Jones, Sir William 25

Judaism 189, 199

justice 150

Kauffman, Stuart 12

Kay, Paul 113

Kev 157, 158, 160, 168

Kevin 154–6, 165

kin selection 149–61, 190, 246

Koran 190, 191

K
-selection 100–1, 212

Lamarck, Jean–Baptiste de 10, 59, 60

Lamarckian inheritance xi–xii, 59–62, 116, 215

language 82–107, 132–3, 207–9

apes and 90

artificial 106, 218

brain areas 72

chimpanzees and 88

function of 93–107

instinct 88

monkeys and 95–7

Neanderthals and 70

origins of 82–92, 99–107, 205, 242

sign 87–8, 102

laughter 47, 72

Leakey, Richard 89

learning 4;
see also
conditioning

social 47–50, 75

leash, culture on a 32–5, 80, 111, 119, 132, 144

Libet, Benjamin 225–7

local enhancement 48

longevity 100–7, 119, 204, 205, 212–13

definition 58

Lucy 69, 89, 91

Lumsden, Charles 33, 108

Lynch, Aaron ix, 22, 64, 134, 201

Lysenko, T. D. 60

Machiavelli, Niccolo 74

Machiavellian Intelligence 74, 75–6, 95–6, 104, 229

Mack, John 176

Mackay, Charles 75

map, mental/cognitive 44, 73

marketing 141, 193

marriage 128, 134, 136–9, 169

Marx, Karl 24, 235

masturbation 135, 137

mate choice 77–81, 104–5, 124–31, 134, 197

Maynard Smith, John 59, 91

m–culture 31–2, 64

Mead, Margaret 114–15

meat eating 71, 73,157, 167

meditation 38, 42, 193, 226

meme, definition 4–6, 43, 63

buttons 121, 163

fountain 155, 157, 160, 163

phenotype 62–6

pool xiv, 41, 49, 55,86, 210

products 64, 155, 163

vehicle 63

unit of 53–4

memeplex, definition 19–20

memetic

driving 108, 116–9, 130, 133, 160, 164

engineering xiv, 193, 233

theory of altruism 155

Memetics, Journal of 8

memotype xiv, 64

Mendel, Gregor xii

mental representation 64

microtubules 220

Midgley, Mary 17

Miller, Geoffrey 131

mimesis 98

mind, theory of 75

Minsky, Marvin 2

miracles 193

monkeys 48, 49, 95–7, 102, 149