The Cerebellum: Brain for an Implicit Self (62 page)

Szentágothai
, Janos,
28

task dependencies, functional stretch reflex
,
126

temporoparietal cortex
,
193

tendon tap
,
122

thought processes

activity in the cerebellum,
198-201

cerebellar internal model for thoughts,
196

cerebral cortical model for thoughts,
195-196

explicit/implicit thoughts,
197-198

mental disorders associated with cerebellar dysfunction,
201-203

neural systems,
193-195

throwing a ball, voluntary motor control
,
153-154

tools, motor actions
,
190-192

traditional views of cerebellum

involvement in motor skills,
25-27

morphological map,
22-25

Purkinje cells,
27-28

transcriptional inhibitors, protein synthesis
,
88

transduction pathways (conjunctive LTD)
,
71

AMPA receptors,
74-75

brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF),
80

c-Fos/Jun-B,
79

Ca
²⁺
surge in Purkinje cell dendrites,
71-74

Ca
²⁺
/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII),
78

glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP),
79

glutamate receptor d2 (GluR d2),
76-77

insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1),
80

Nitric oxide (NO) synthase,
75-76

PKCα and lipid-signaling cascade,
74

protein phosphatases,
78

protein tyrosine kinases,
77

translational inhibitors, protein synthesis
,
88

Tsukahara
, Nakakira,
30

unipolar brush cells
,
46-47

V-type microcomplex, adaptive control prototype
,
146-149

velocity storage, VOR (Vestibuloocular Reflex)
,
107

ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT)
,
60

vergence, frontal eye field
,
164-165

vermal lobules VI/VII, eye movements
,
159

vermis
,
23

vestibular compensation, VOR (Vestibuloocular Reflex)
,
112-113

vestibular mossy fiber input, VOR adaptation
,
110

vestibular nuclear neurons
,
68

vestibular organs
,
23

vestibulocerebellum
,
23

Vestibuloocular Reflex (VOR)
,
36
,
105-106

adaptation control system

climbing fiber input
,
110-111

eye movement-related signals
,
111-112

flocculus
,
107-109

memory sites
,
112

vestibular mossy fiber input
,
110

adaptive control,
139-140

feedforward control system,
39

neural integrator,
107

velocity storage,
107

vestibular compensation,
112-113

vestibulosympathetic reflex
,
136-137

voltage-gated Ca
²⁺
channels
,
71

voluntary eye movement
,
159

DMFC (dorsomedial frontal cortex),
165-166

frontal eye field,
159-165

voluntary motor control
,
150

hand grip,
154-156

instruction signals,
157-158

internal models,
167

internal forward model
,
167-175

internal inverse model
,
170-175

MOSAIC (modular selection and identification for control)
,
175

sensory cancellation
,
178-180

transition from reflex control to voluntary
,
176-179

load compensation,
150

multijoint arm movements,
151-154

operant conditioning,
156-157

reaction time,
151

voluntary movements
,
12

hybrid control,
13-14

motor actions,
18-19

VOR (Vestibuloocular Reflex)
,
36
,
105-106

adaptation control system

climbing fiber input
,
110-111

eye movement-related signals
,
111-112

flocculus
,
107-109

memory sites
,
112

vestibular mossy fiber input
,
110

adaptive control,
139-140

feedforward control system,
39

neural integrator,
107

velocity storage,
107

vestibular compensation,
112-113

VSCT (ventral spinocerebellar tract)
,
60

whale cerebellum
,
24-25

wiring diagrams
,
31

Wisconsin card-sorting test
,
199

XXVII Congress of the International Physiological Union
,
36

Yoshida
, Mitsuo,
30

zebrin
,
24

Color Plate I. MRI image of the human cerebellum.

Recent remarkable progress in brain imaging has made it possible to observe the human cerebellum in vivo. This horizontal section image was taken by the author on June 7, 2010. Abbreviations: b, basilar artery; h, cerebellar hemisphere; p, pons; v, 4th ventricle. For a three-dimensional atlas of the human cerebellum, see
Schmahmann et al., 1999
.

Color Plate II. A schematized map of the divisions of the cerebellar cortex.

On the outline of the anatomical divisions of the cerebellum (vermis, paravermis, and hemisphere) a lattice is formed by crossing transverse lobules and longitudinal zones to set coordinates for defining the position of each cortical area. Note that subzones A2, X, and Y are not shown. Note also that the zones and lobules are shown with the same width for simplicity despite that the fact that their widths vary considerably. The nomenclature used is that for the generalized mammalian cerebellum. Abbreviations: I-X, lobular divisions of the cerebellar vermis and paravermis; A-D2, longitudinal zones of the cerebellum; HI-HX, lobuli extending laterally from I-X. APF, ansoparamedian fissure; PFR, primary fissure; PLF, posterolateral fissure.

Color Plate III. Longitudinal zonal organization in the Purkinje cell output and climbing fiber input.

Upper half shows longitudinal zones and flocculonodular lobe after Color Plate II. Lower half, Target nuclei for Purkinje cell zones in the left half of the diagram. The right side shows the input connection from the inferior olive. Abbreviations: A-D
₂
, zonal bands; AIP, anterior interpositus nucleus; c, caudal (MAO or DAO); DC, dorsal cap; Dc, caudal subnucleus of the dentate nucleus; Dr, rostral subnucleus of the dentate nucleus; dl, dorsal lamella; FAS, fastigial nucleus; FNL, flocculonodular lobe; LVN, lateral vestibular nucleus; MAO, medial accessory olive; PIP, posterior interpositus nucleus; PO, principal olive; r, rostral (MAO or DAO); VN, vestibular nuclei; vl, ventral lamella. (For further details, see
Voogd, 2010
.)