Essential Facts on the Go: Internal Medicine (41 page)

Chronic, severe systemic hypertensive changes are demonstrated by hard exudates, increased vessel light reflexes, and sausage-shaped veins
⁴

Arteriolar changes seen in hypertensive retinopathy resemble copper and silver wiring
⁵

Accelerated hypertension
⁶

Reproduced with permission from

1-5 Knoop KJ, et al.
The Atlas of Emergency Medicine
, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill.

6 Riordan-Eva P, Cunningham ET Jr.
Vaughan & Asbury’s General Ophthalmology
, 18th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2011.

XII_1_b
Selected Retinopathies on Funduscopy

Ischemic optic neuropathy

Sarcoidosis

Cytomegalovirus retinitis “pizza pie” or “cheese and ketchup”

Central retinal artery occlusion

Subacute bacterial endocarditis Calcific embolus producing a distal area of retinal infarction

Congenital toxoplasmosis chorioretinitis

Reproduced with permission from Riordan-Eva P. Cunningham ET Jr.
Vaughan & Asbury’s General Ophthalmology
, 18th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2011.