Einstein and the Quantum (53 page)

Einstein, Eduard,
152

Einstein, Elsa,
164
–
165
,
193
,
194
–
196
,
210

Einstein, Hans Albert,
86

Einstein, Mileva Maric,
4
,
16
,
20
,
22
,
167
; children of,
86
,
87
,
152
,
167
; divorce from Einstein,
194
–
196
; early relationship with Einstein,
23
–
25
; Einsteins' correspondence with,
26
–
27
,
36
,
44
,
46
,
47
,
106
; marriage to Einstein,
48
,
62
,
63
,
129
–
130
,
152
,
164
–
165
; move to Berlin,
167

Electromagnetic (EM) radiation,
7
–
8
,
42
; blackbody,
56
–
60
,
70
–
74
,
78
–
79
,
91
,
97
–
98
,
108
,
138
,
184
–
185
,
291
; Boltzmann's principle and,
56
–
58
; conservation of energy and,
74
–
75
; Einstein's struggles with quantum theory of,
153
–
156
; frequency and,
97
–
98
; gas molecules' interaction with,
189
–
190
; Maxwell's work on,
33
–
34
,
83
; Planck's constant and,
154
–
155
; Rayleigh-Jeans law and,
100
–
102
,
119
–
120
,
292
; thermal radiation law,
291
,
293
–
294
; visible,
11
–
12
,
113
–
119
; wavelengths,
72
–
73
; waves,
81
–
85
; Wien law and,
94
–
99
,
292
.
See also
Maxwell's equations
;
Planck's law

Electrons,
45
,
81
; orbital frequencies,
174
–
178
,
183
–
184
; orbits,
200
–
202
; photoelectric effect and,
78
–
79
; wavefunction,
265
–
267
,
275
–
276

Elementary Principles of Statistical Mechanics
,
49

Elsasser, Walter,
252

“Emission and Absorption of Radiation in Quantum Theory,”
184
–
185

Emission of light: directed,
192
; Einstein's flawed experiment on,
210
–
211
; spontaneous,
186
,
224
–
225
; stimulated
187
,
224
–
225

Emission theory of light,
137

Energy: Dulong-Petit law,
103
–
108
; emission and,
137
,
186
–
187
; fluctuations,
250
–
251
; free,
49
; frequency and,
68
–
69
,
72
; ground state,
185
–
186
,
229
; linear oscillator and,
174
–
175
; orbital,
174
–
178
; peak frequency and,
95
–
96
; photoelectric effect and,
78
–
79
; potential,
68
–
69
,
265
–
266
; quantization of,
97
–
98
,
106
–
110
,
131
–
132
,
219
–
224
,
264
–
265
; Rayleigh-Jeans law,
100
–
102
,
119
–
120
; temperature and,
38
,
96
; thermal,
67
–
68
; ultraviolet catastrophe and,
72
,
98
–
102
,
99
–
100
,
102
; Wien law and,
94
–
99

Entropy,
42
,
51
–
55
,
67
,
238
; additivity of,
238
; blackbody radiation and,
56
–
60
,
74
; Boltzmann's equation for,
51
–
2
,
56
,
58
,
68
,
91
,
115
,
154
,
288
; Bose on,
220
–
222
; calculations using Planck's resonators,
91
–
92
; chance and,
232
–
233
; Second Law of thermodynamics and,
10
,
41
,
54
,
56
,
57
; thermal equilibrium and,
7
,
100
–
102
,
140
,
185
–
186
,
189
,
224
,
250
,
291
; Third Law of thermodynamics and,
144
,
238

Epstein, Paul,
136
,
140
,
201
,
275

Equilibrium, thermal,
185
–
186

Ether, the,
83
–
85
,
99
–
100
,
132

Failure of Planck-Wien Law,
9
–
11

Fan waves,
81
–
82

Faraday, Michael,
26
,
30
–
31
,
34
–
35

Faraday's Law,
30
–
31
,
32

Fermi, Enrico,
269

Feynman, Richard,
5
,
34

First Law of thermodynamics,
41
,
48
–
49

Fischer, Emil,
143
–
144
,
151

Fluctuations, energy,
250
–
251

Force, fluctuating,
191

Force-carrying particle.
See
Photons

Formal education of Einstein,
15
–
20
,
46
–
47

Franck, James,
276

Frank, Philipp,
159
,
166
–
167

Fredholm, Ivar,
114
,
121

Free energy,
49

Freezing, quantum,
144
–
145

Frequency,
68
–
69
,
72
,
75
–
76
,
293
; electron orbital,
174
–
178
,
183
–
184
; low,
98
–
99
; peak,
95
–
96
; rest,
248
; transition,
270
–
271

Friction,
190

Fundamental constants,
116
–
117

Fusion theory of light,
137
–
138
,
281

Galileo Galilei,
29
,
89

Games of chance,
232
–
234

Gas(es): Boltzmann's constant and,
51
–
55
; Boyle's Law and,
38
,
221
; ideal gas law,
221
,
230
–
238
,
261
; interaction with radiation,
189
–
190
; molecular motion,
39
–
41
,
51
–
55
; particles,
81
,
96
; photon gas,
221
–
223
,
230
; pressure,
38
; quantum ideal,
229
,
230
–
232
,
235
–
238
.
See also
Energy

Geiger, Hans,
211
,
283
–
284
; experiment on atomic nucleus,
172
; experiment with Bothe on Compton Effect,
283
; experiment on elementary charge,
114
,
138
;

General theory of relativity,
84
,
123
,
161
,
183
,
207
; Einstein's struggle with,
283
; equivalence principle and,
123
; expedition to test,
204
; reaction to,
162
,
205
.
See also
Theory of relativity

German Physical Society,
5
,
8
,
10
–
11
,
12
–
13
,
179
,
201

Ghost fields,
198
–
199
,
276

Gibbs, Josiah Willard,
49
–
50
,
51
,
56
,
91
,
95
,
259

Gladstone, William,
31

Gordon, Walter,
273

Gravitational attraction,
232

Gravitational constant,
154

Gravity,
28
–
29
,
30
,
160

Grossman, Marcel,
20
,
21
–
22
,
45

Ground state,
185
–
186
,
229

Haber, Clara,
169
,
209

Haber, Fritz,
145
,
163
–
164
,
165
; World War I and,
168
,
169

Habicht, Conrad,
63
–
67
,
84

Harmonic oscillation,
199
–
200
,
270

Hartog, P. J.,
218

Hasenohrl, Fritz,
259

Health of Einstein,
193
–
196

Heat: entropy,
42
,
51
–
55
; laws of thermodynamics and,
9
–
10
,
41
; Planck's work on light and,
5
,
6
–
7
; specific,
97
,
103
–
110
,
141
,
146
–
147

Heisenberg, Werner,
212
,
226
,
238
,
255
,
268
–
269
,
284
; Bohr and,
268
,
269
–
270
; Born on,
269
; discovery of uncertainty principle,
278
; on light absorption,
270
–
271
; matrix mechanics of,
272
–
274
; nomination for Nobel prize,
280
; on transition frequencies,
270
–
271

Hertz, Heinrich,
77
–
78
,
83

Herzog, Albin,
15

Hevesy, George,
146
,
179

Higgs boson,
217

Hilbert, David,
158
–
159

Hurwitz, Adolf,
19
,
166

Ideal gas law,
221
,
229
–
230
; Einstein on,
230
–
238
; Schrödinger and,
261
–
263

Intelligent design,
42
–
43

Japan, Einstein's visit to,
212
–
213

Jaumann, Gustav,
151

Jeans, James Hopwood,
10
–
11
,
99
–
102
,
126
–
127
,
131
,
292
;
Dynamical Theory of Gases
,
99
; Solvay and,
149

Jewish identity of Einstein,
208
–
209

Jordan, Pascual,
192
,
255
,
271
,
272

Kallmann, Hartmut,
273

Kamerlingh-Onnes, Maryke,
195

Kelvin, Lord,
76
–
77
,
95
,
171

Kirchoff, Gustav,
25

Kirchoff's law,
291

Kleiner, Alfred,
46
–
47
,
124

Kurlbaum, Ferdinand,
5
,
8
,
11
–
12
,
58
,
99
,
143

Langevin, Paul,
157
,
225
,
241
–
242
,
249
–
250

Langmuir, Irving,
143
–
144

Laplace, Pierre Simon de,
29
,
40
,
42

Laub, Jakob,
122
,
124
–
125
,
133
,
153

Laws of thermal radiation: mathematical statement of radiation laws,
293
–
294
; overview of radiation laws,
291
–
292
; Planck's law,
5
,
8
,
51
,
74
,
134
,
196
,
292
; Planck-Wien Law,
5
,
8
,
9
–
12
,
58
(
see also
Wien's law
this entry
); Rayleigh-Jeans Law,
100
,
119
–
120
,
125
,
220
,
288
,
291
–
294
; Stefan-Boltzmann Law,
72
–
73
101
; Wien's law,
9
,
11
,
58
,
74
,
94
–
99
,
246
,
287
,
292
–
294
.
See also
Blackbody radiation
;
Thermal radiation